• Somalia is located in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Ethiopia, Djibouti, and Kenya.
• It has the longest coastline on mainland Africa and an estimated population of over 18 million.
• 85% of residents are ethnic Somalis; Somali is the official language, with Arabic as a second language.

• In ancient times, Somalia was a key commercial center.
• Powerful empires like the Ajuran and Adal Sultanates emerged in the Middle Ages.
• The colonial period began in the late 19th century with Italian and British control.
• The Somali Republic was formed in 1960; Siad Barre took power in 1969.

• The Somali Civil War started in 1991, leading to ongoing instability.
• A new provisional constitution was adopted in 2012 to reform Somalia as a federation.
• Somalia is one of the least developed countries, relying on livestock, remittances, and telecommunications.

List of newspapers published in Somalia.