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Geography and Population
- India is in South Asia and is the largest country by population.
- Bordered by Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and shares borders with several countries.
Historical Development
- Modern humans arrived around 55,000 years ago; diverse hunter-gatherer communities emerged.
- Settled life began with the Indus Valley Civilization around 9,000 years ago.
- Sanskrit spread by 1200 BCE, giving rise to early Hinduism; caste system emerged around 400 BCE.
- Buddhism and Jainism appeared, advocating social orders beyond heredity.
Colonial and Post-Colonial Era
- Delhi Sultanate formed in the 2nd millennium; Mughal Empire fostered economic growth.
- British rule led to a nationalist movement, highlighted by nonviolent resistance.
- In 1947, India gained independence, leading to partition and significant migration.
Modern India
- India is a federal republic with a diverse society; population surpassed 1.45 billion by 2025.
- Economy is rapidly growing, focusing on information technology, but inequality persists.
- Faces socio-economic challenges including gender inequality and environmental issues.