• India is in South Asia and is the largest country by population.
• Bordered by Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and shares borders with several countries.

• Modern humans arrived around 55,000 years ago; diverse hunter-gatherer communities emerged.
• Settled life began with the Indus Valley Civilization around 9,000 years ago.
• Sanskrit spread by 1200 BCE, giving rise to early Hinduism; caste system emerged around 400 BCE.
• Buddhism and Jainism appeared, advocating social orders beyond heredity.

• Delhi Sultanate formed in the 2nd millennium; Mughal Empire fostered economic growth.
• British rule led to a nationalist movement, highlighted by nonviolent resistance.
• In 1947, India gained independence, leading to partition and significant migration.

• India is a federal republic with a diverse society; population surpassed 1.45 billion by 2025.
• Economy is rapidly growing, focusing on information technology, but inequality persists.
• Faces socio-economic challenges including gender inequality and environmental issues.

List of newspapers published in India. [भारतीय समाचार पत्र].