• Also known as Czechia, historically called Bohemia
• Landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Austria, Germany, Poland, and Slovakia
• Hilly landscape, area of 78,871 square kilometers, with temperate climate
• Capital: Prague; major cities include Brno, Ostrava, Plzeň, and Liberec

• Founded in the late 9th century, recognized as an Imperial Estate in 1002
• Became a kingdom in 1198, later integrated into the Habsburg monarchy
• Key events include the Protestant Revolt and Thirty Years' War
• Czechoslovakia emerged post-World War I, remained a democracy in interwar period

• Became independent after Velvet Revolution in 1989
• Current political system: unitary parliamentary republic
• Advanced economy, high social standards, member of several international organizations

List of newspapers published in Czech Republic.